Sending humans to Mars for a brief visit could be achievable within the next 5 to 10 years, but ensuring their survival on a round trip may take 10 to 15 years, with thriving needing over 15 years. Sustainable housing, food production—potentially using bug farms—and understanding human health in space are critical challenges that must be addressed. Given the impact of space on bodily functions and microbiomes, preparing for these conditions will require significant research and development.
